To Their Own Soil

Book excerpt: This book attempts to redress the imbalance in knowledge of southern and northern agriculture before the Civil War. Against the rich historical analysis and description of the slave South must be compared the relative paucity of quantitative analysis, and even description, of antebellum northern agriculture. The study is the first of its kind to organize a large sample of quantitative data drawn from across the northern tier of the United States. The temporal coverage is the second half of the nineteenth century with the primary emphasis on the late antebellum period. What emerges is a detailed quantitative description and analysis of norther agriculture. This compelling picture provides not merely a statistical profile but also a revealing insight into american behavior and attitudes in the nineteenth century. The northern United States throughout most of the nineteenth century, with its peculiar notions of independence, mobility, equality, and agrarianism, was even perceived by contemporaries as an experiment. Yeoman agriculture represented the economic foundation for this ideal world whose success or failure largely depended upon how closely the agricultural ideal could be approached. Analytically, measuring the agricultural record indirectly assesses the success of this entire vision of democratic America. This clear recurrent theme that emerges throughout the book is the tension that existed between national pursuit of a new kind of social order characterized by individualism, independence, and self-containment founded upon a tightly knit family system, on the one side, and the drive for a market-oriented, capitalistic national economy in which farming assumed the trappings of a business enterprise, on the other. Conflict was inevitable. Ultimately, the forces of market capitalism based upon interdependent national economic system dominated, but the national split personality, though overwhelmed by the onrushing forces of the business system and corporate industrial enterprise, persisted into the twentieth century reappearing as periodical agrarian unrest even into the current decade. -- publisher description.