Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar on Science and Technology (ISST 2022)

Book excerpt: This is an open access book. ISST is an annual seminar organized regularly by Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University since 2018 in collaboration with University of Newcastle (Australia), University of Miyazaki (UoM), Physics Society of Indonesia, Indonesian Chemical Society (HKI) and Indonesian Mathematical Society (IndoMS). International seminar on science and technology aims to provide a high-level international forum for leading academicians, researchers, scientists, students, scholars, and practitioners to share the state of the art of knowledges, experiences, researches and applications on the aspect of advancement in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry field. It is also serves to foster communication among academicians, researchers, scientists, students, scholars, and practitioners working in a wide variety of scientific areas with a common interest in improving science and technology in the field of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Furthermore, this seminar can provide a premier interdisciplinary platform for academicians, researchers, scientists, students, scholars, and practitioners to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. This seminar has been virtually held since 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic and is continuing to hold virtually following the advice and guidelines from government. However, due to the antusiasm of participants to attend the seminar “face to face”, hence this seminar will be held using hybrid style seminar by following healthcare guideline for covid-19.