Engineering Mathematics with MATLAB

Book excerpt: Chapter 1: Vectors and Matrices 1.1 Vectors 1.1.1 Geometry with Vector 1.1.2 Dot Product 1.1.3 Cross Product 1.1.4 Lines and Planes 1.1.5 Vector Space 1.1.6 Coordinate Systems 1.1.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthonolization 1.2 Matrices 1.2.1 Matrix Algebra 1.2.2 Rank and Row/Column Spaces 1.2.3 Determinant and Trace 1.2.4 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.2.5 Inverse of a Matrix 1.2.6 Similarity Transformation and Diagonalization 1.2.7 Special Matrices 1.2.8 Positive Definiteness 1.2.9 Matrix Inversion Lemma 1.2.10 LU, Cholesky, QR, and Singular Value Decompositions 1.2.11 Physical Meaning of Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors 1.3 Systems of Linear Equations 1.3.1 Nonsingular Case 1.3.2 Undetermined Case - Minimum-Norm Solution 1.3.3 Overdetermined Case - Least-Squares Error Solution 1.3.4 Gauss(ian) Elimination 1.3.5 RLS (Recursive Least Squares) Algorithm Problems Chapter 2: Vector Calculus 2.1 Derivatives 2.2 Vector Functions 2.3 Velocity and Acceleration 2.4 Divergence and Curl 2.5 Line Integrals and Path Independence 2.5.1 Line Integrals 2.5.2 Path Independence 2.6 Double Integrals 2.7 Green's Theorem 2.8 Surface Integrals 2.9 Stokes' Theorem 2.10 Triple Integrals 2.11 Divergence Theorem Problems Chapter 3: Ordinary Differential Equation 3.1 First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.1 Separable Equations 3.1.2 Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors 3.1.3 Linear First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.4 Nonlinear First-Order Differential Equations 3.1.5 Systems of First-Order Differential Equations 3.2 Higher-Order Differential Equations 3.2.1 Undetermined Coefficients 3.2.2 Variation of Parameters 3.2.3 Cauchy-Euler Equations 3.2.4 Systems of Linear Differential Equations 3.3 Special Second-Order Linear ODEs 3.3.1 Bessel's Equation 3.3.2 Legendre's Equation 3.3.3 Chebyshev's Equation 3.3.4 Hermite's Equation 3.3.5 Laguerre's Equation 3.4 Boundary Value Problems Problems Chapter 4: Laplace Transform 4.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 4.1.1 Laplace Transform of the Unit Step Function 4.1.2 Laplace Transform of the Unit Impulse Function 4.1.3 Laplace Transform of the Ramp Function 4.1.4 Laplace Transform of the Exponential Function 4.1.5 Laplace Transform of the Complex Exponential Function 4.2 Properties of the Laplace Transform 4.2.1 Linearity 4.2.2 Time Differentiation 4.2.3 Time Integration 4.2.4 Time Shifting - Real Translation 4.2.5 Frequency Shifting - Complex Translation 4.2.6 Real Convolution 4.2.7 Partial Differentiation 4.2.8 Complex Differentiation 4.2.9 Initial Value Theorem (IVT) 4.2.10 Final Value Theorem (FVT) 4.3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 4.4 Using of the Laplace Transform 4.5 Transfer Function of a Continuous-Time System Problems 300 Chapter 5: The Z-transform 5.1 Definition of the Z-transform 5.2 Properties of the Z-transform 5.2.1 Linearity 5.2.2 Time Shifting - Real Translation 5.2.3 Frequency Shifting - Complex Translation 5.2.4 Time Reversal 5.2.5 Real Convolution 5.2.6 Complex Convolution 5.2.7 Complex Differentiation 5.2.8 Partial Differentiation 5.2.9 Initial Value Theorem 5.2.10 Final Value Theorem 5.3 The Inverse Z-transform 5.4 Using The Z-transform 5.5 Transfer Function of a Discrete-Time System 5.6 Differential Equation and Difference Equation Problems Chapter 6: Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 6.1 Continuous-Time Fourier Series (CTFS) 6.1.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.1.2 Examples of CTFS 6.2 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) 6.2.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.2.2 (Generalized) CTFT of Periodic Signals 6.2.3 Examples of CTFT 6.2.4 Properties of CTFT 6.3 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 6.3.1 Definition and Convergence Conditions 6.3.2 Examples of DTFT 6.3.3 DTFT of Periodic Sequences 6.3.4 Properties of DTFT 6.4 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 6.5 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 6.5.1 Decimation-in-Time (DIT) FFT 6.5.2 Decimation-in-Frequency (DIF) FFT 6.5.3 Computation of IDFT Using FFT Algorithm 6.5.4 Interpretation of DFT Results 6.6 Fourier-Bessel/Legendre/Chebyshev/Cosine/Sine Series 6.6.1 Fourier-Bessel Series 6.6.2 Fourier-Legendre Series 6.6.3 Fourier-Chebyshev Series 6.6.4 Fourier-Cosine/Sine Series Problems Chapter 7: Partial Differential Equation 7.1 Elliptic PDE 7.2 Parabolic PDE 7.2.1 The Explicit Forward Euler Method 7.2.2 The Implicit Forward Euler Method 7.2.3 The Crank-Nicholson Method 7.2.4 Using the MATLAB Function 'pdepe()' 7.2.5 Two-Dimensional Parabolic PDEs 7.3 Hyperbolic PDES 7.3.1 The Explict Central Difference Method 7.3.2 Tw-Dimensional Hyperbolic PDEs 7.4 PDES in Other Coordinate Systems 7.4.1 PDEs in Polar/Cylindrical Coordinates 7.4.2 PDEs in Spherical Coordinates 7.5 Laplace/Fourier Transforms for Solving PDES 7.5.1 Using the Laplace Transform for PDEs 7.5.2 Using the Fourier Transform for PDEs Problems Chapter 8: Complex Analysis 509 8.1 Functions of a Complex Variable 8.1.1 Complex Numbers and their Powers/Roots 8.1.2 Functions of a Complex Variable 8.1.3 Cauchy-Riemann Equations 8.1.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 8.1.5 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 8.1.6 Inverse Trigonometric/Hyperbolic Functions 8.2 Conformal Mapping 8.2.1 Conformal Mappings 8.2.2 Linear Fractional Transformations 8.3 Integration of Complex Functions 8.3.1 Line Integrals and Contour Integrals 8.3.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 8.3.3 Cauchy's Integral Formula 8.4 Series and Residues 8.4.1 Sequences and Series 8.4.2 Taylor Series 8.4.3 Laurent Series 8.4.4 Residues and Residue Theorem 8.4.5 Real Integrals Using Residue Theorem Problems Chapter 9: Optimization 9.1 Unconstrained Optimization 9.1.1 Golden Search Method 9.1.2 Quadratic Approximation Method 9.1.3 Nelder-Mead Method 9.1.4 Steepest Descent Method 9.1.5 Newton Method 9.2 Constrained Optimization 9.2.1 Lagrange Multiplier Method 9.2.2 Penalty Function Method 9.3 MATLAB Built-in Functions for Optimization 9.3.1 Unconstrained Optimization 9.3.2 Constrained Optimization 9.3.3 Linear Programming (LP) 9.3.4 Mixed Integer Linear Programing (MILP) Problems Chapter 10: Probability 10.1 Probability 10.1.1 Definition of Probability 10.1.2 Permutations and Combinations 10.1.3 Joint Probability, Conditional Probability, and Bayes' Rule 10.2 Random Variables 10.2.1 Random Variables and Probability Distribution/Density Function 10.2.2 Joint Probability Density Function 10.2.3 Conditional Probability Density Function 10.2.4 Independence 10.2.5 Function of a Random Variable 10.2.6 Expectation, Variance, and Correlation 10.2.7 Conditional Expectation 10.2.8 Central Limit Theorem - Normal Convergence Theorem 10.3 ML Estimator and MAP Estimator 653 Problems