The Umbanda religion summons the spirits of old slaves and Brazilian Indians to speak through the mouths of mediums in trance. Its practitioners worship African

The history and development of the Brazilian religion Umbanda are explored in this text. The author describes the defining features of the religion, its practic

In Spirit Song: Afro-Brazilian Religious Music and Boundaries, Marc Gidal investigates how and why a multi-faith community in southern Brazil utilizes music to

Umbanda is an urban 20th-century phenomenon, often described in the literature as Brazil¿s first ¿national¿¿or truly ¿Brazilian¿¿ religion. Early on, Umb