In 1888, there were just four British consulates in the country; by 1921 there were twenty-three. H. Lyman Stebbins investigates the development and consequence

Nikki R. Keddie is Professor Emerita of History at UCLA and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Although in the last few years the study of painting in 19th century Iran has made considerable progress it still remains somewhat tradition bound. It would see

The political economy of Iran underwent the fundamental transition from feudalism to modernity from the early 19th to the 20th century: a period which was a vit

This unique study spotlights the role of masculinity in Iranian history, linking masculinity to social and political developments.