This paper examines the types of market-related hedging instruments that could potentially be useful to indebted developing countries as they seek to manage the

This paper provides an overview of sovereign debt portfolio risks and discusses various liability management operations (LMOs) and instruments used by public de

Modern risk management techniques can help countries avoid the financial risks that affect future cash flows and long-term plans. They provide a hedge against p

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The Covid-19 pandemic has aggravated the tension between large development needs in infrastructure and scarce public resources. To alleviate this tension and pr