The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has become the yardstick for teaching and testing language skills in Europe and elsewhere. Yet l

This books aims to open up new perspectives in the study of language proficiency by bringing together current research from different fields in psychology and l

Scales describing language proficiency in a series of levels can provide orientation for educational programmes, criteria for assessment, and reporting to stake

Population mobility is at an all-time high in human history. One result of this unprecedented movement of peoples around the world is that in many school system

Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the four Language Skills builds connections from theory in the four language skills to instructional practices