Black Atlantic Hybrids: Samples of Brazilian Music of the 1960s and 1970s in U.S. American Hip Hop

Book excerpt: This monograph examines how sampling in U.S. Hip Hop transgresses national and regional boundaries. By contextualizing and comparing the Brazilian source material from the 1960s and 1970s with U.S. Hip Hop from the 1990s onwards, it traces flows of musicians, music, and ideology along the Interamerican U.S.-Brazil axis. The fusion and recontextualization of music styles through sampling shed light on aspects of the African American struggle and result in transcultural musical hybrids that encompass the African diaspora in the Americas, activism, cultural resistance, and 'double consciousness'. Building on postmodern intertextuality, these hybrids become products of a 'sonic cosmopolitanism' for a world shaped by the heritage of the black Atlantic.