Reinterpreting key twelfth-century sources, this book provides the first comprehensive history of the monastic Order of Tiron in France.

In-depth study of a little-known reformed Benedictine congregation crucial for the development of trade and urban development in Angevin Britain and France.

Any visitor to Belgium or the Netherlands is immediately struck by the number of convents and beguinages (begijnhoven) in both major cities and small towns. The

Originally published in 1975, this book helps students understand why the Movements of the 12th century remained much more enclosed and monastic or turned to he