Under many circumstances, discharges from culverts and channels may cause erosion problems. To mitigate this erosion, discharge energy can be dissipated prior t

Recent advances in technology have permitted the construction of large dams, reservoirs and channels. This progress has necessitated the development of new desi

Although hundreds of stilling basins and energy­dissipating devices have been designed in conjunction with spillways, outlet works, and canal structures, it is