International Academic Research & Reviews in Educational Sciences -II -

Book excerpt: Edited by Prof. Dr. Ramón Antonio Hernández Chirinos de Jesus Published by : Global Academy Publishing House This book consists of seven chapters. In the first chapter, the measurement invariance of the Test Anxiety scale in the PISA 2015 cycle was examined by gender with 53 different country data. It was concluded that 50 countries achieved strict invariance and 3 countries achieved scalar invariance. These results show that the test anxiety scale consisting of five items provides measurement invariance according to gender in different languages and cultures, and therefore can be used with confidence. In the second chapter, In the studies conducted in Turkey, depression, anxiety, CAD, somatization, hostility (anger and aggression) and psychoticism symptoms were investigated; Research on symptoms such as OCD, FA and PD has been found to be very limited. For this reason, more research on the effect of art therapy on mental symptoms in adolescents such as OCD, FA, PD is recommended in Turkey. Although there has been increasing interest in art therapy in Turkey in recent years, studies in this field remain limited. Studies on the effect of art therapy on the mental symptom levels of adolescents in Turkey are insufficient. It is thought that this review study will provide facilitating findings for mental health professionals in examining the effect of art therapy on the mental symptoms of adolescents. In the third chapter, critically examines the theme of female individuation as portrayed in Virginia Woolf’s novel To the Lighthouse and Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar. Using a careful analysis of these literary works, this chapter argues that Woolf and Plath use their female characters to address the daunting challenges women face in their search for a separate identity within a patriarchal society. Both Mrs. Ramsay in To the Lighthouse and Esther Greenwood in The Bell Jar struggle with the arduous task of self-definition amid societal expectations deeply rooted in traditional gender roles. By closely examining these characters’ paths to self-assertion, this chapter illuminates the complicated and multi-layered process of female individuation within a patriarchal framework. The deliberate selection of two works for this study has provided valuable insight into the issue of gender stereotypes and their impact on characters. Esther Greenwood in The Bell Jar demonstrates a deep awareness of the societal expectations and gender stereotypes imposed upon her. Her persistent efforts to challenge these norms are met with repeated setbacks that resemble the experience of hitting a metaphorical glass ceiling. In the fourth chapter, the authors attempt to analyze the strategy by using the Theory of Regime Effectiveness and the Concept of Humanitarian Strategy which specifically focuses on two dimensions. This research uses a qualitative approach and focuses on descriptive research. The research is also focused on 2019-2020 as the year of implementation of the Women's Protection and Empowerment policy. The fifth chapter in the context of factors such as an aging population and an increasing retirement age, the study included findings that various policies and incentives should be implemented to encourage the participation of older workers in the labor force. It also details how to provide continuing education and skills development opportunities, keep an ageing workforce in employment and be competitive. In the sixth chapter it is emphasized that sharing is an issue that parents should be aware of. When sharing content about children, the importance of protecting their privacy and safety is explained. In the seventh chapter, Research on "Material Design and the Use of Material in Social Studies History Teaching" is included. It has been explained that grounding research on learning and teaching processes with a theory will provide great benefits in teaching by improving the scientific aspect of that work. It has been mentioned that the subjects of the history of social studies consist mostly of verbal information and that the strengthening of memory is useful in the teaching of the history of social studies. This book has been prepared for academics, researchers, doctoral students and policy makers working in the field of education.